Barbara Williams Skinner

ABSTRACT Background Through effective partnerships, schools and homes can leverage each other’s strengths to support students, particularly those at risk of educational disengagement. However, effective collaboration relies on factors such as how teachers and parents perceive the values that underlie these partnerships, and expectations of each other within these core values.

When the medieval female king of Poland—yes, king, as there were no legal precedents for a female monarch in Poland at the time—knelt before a black crucifix in Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, she had a decision to make. The future of her country and, indeed, the overall stability of Central Eastern Europe depended on choosing wisely, argues  Polish historian Oscar Halecki. The year was 1385, and the young Jadwiga (also known as Hedwig) (1373/1374–1399) was just twelve years old.

Media outlets and commentators representing a range of political persuasions have called attention to recent outbreaks of violence in Berkeley, Calif., Boston and other locations where anti-racist and anti-fascist demonstrators have gathered. Intentionally or not, they have often promoted a false equivalency between groups that advocate white supremacy and those that seek to eliminate it.