Barry Croke

1 Introduction There is a strong linkage between urban planning and the assessment of natural hazards. Floods are among the most devastating natural hazards, posing significant risks to residential areas and agricultural lands (Bremond et al. 2013). The frequency and severity of natural disasters, including floods, have increased considerably in recent decades, highlighting the critical role of disaster risk reduction policies in fostering economic growth and ensuring urban sustainability.

1 Introduction Flooding is one of the most prevalent and destructive extreme weather risks, leading to major economic losses, livelihood disruptions, and threats to lives and infrastructure (Jonkman et al. 2024; World Economic Forum 2023; CRED 2017); causing over USD 40 billion in annual damages (OECD 2016; WMO 2024). Riverine floods occur when excess rainfall or snowmelt raises water levels beyond riverbanks (OECD 2016; WMO 2024, 2012).

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