Bart E. Pieters

1 Introduction Electrification of one of the major sectors, road transport, has commenced to reduce their carbon emissions. However, the magnitude of the potential for carbon reduction depends on the electricity source. Efforts have been put into supplying this electricity demand from clean energy sources as much as possible. One of the solutions has been the use of stationery photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage systems [1].

1 INTRODUCTION Effects of temperature on the operation of conventional photovoltaics (PV) applications in rack-mounted settings have been extensively studied and reported.1, 2 The increased operating temperature of a PV module reduces the operating voltage and, hence, the output power of the PV module, which is accounted for by various temperature coefficients.