Beatriz Willink

Abstract Sexual conflict over mating has been documented in many species, both in the field and in experimental studies. In pond damselflies (family Coenagrionidae), sexual conflict maintains heritable female colour polymorphisms, with one female morph typically being a male mimic.

Abstract Eyespot colour patterns function as an effective defence against predators and have evolved numerous times independently across animals. In Nymphalid butterflies, eyespots have a single evolutionary origin close to the base of this clade, but eyespots are also present in many other lepidopteran lineages and may have multiple independent origins.

Abstract Eyespot color patterns often function in mate choice and as a defense against predators. In Nymphalid butterflies, eyespots have a single evolutionary origin close to the base of this clade, but eyespots are present in many other Lepidopteran lineages and may have multiple independent origins.