Bengi Yagmurlu

1. Introduction Adopting the German government’s energy concept, planned in 2010 and submitted in 2020, laid the foundation for a shift in German energy policy [1,2]. As part of the energy concept, the German government plans to phase out coal by 2038 at the latest, with the aim of bringing this forward to 2030 [3]. The planned phase-out of coal-fired power generation will largely eliminate the supply of gypsum from flue gas desulfurisation plants (FGD gypsum) in its current form [4,5].

4.3. Hydrometallurgical Process Route via Sulfuric Acid Leaching Sulfuric acid is one of the most popular leaching agents for end-of-life LFP batteries due to its cost-effectiveness compared to other mineral acids and its efficiency. It can be used alone as a lixiviant or in combination with oxidizing agents. Adding sulfuric acid with oxidizing agents during leaching can enhance the selectivity by precipitating impurities.

1. Introduction Mine tailings represent the primary waste stream produced in mining operations [,]. It is estimated that between 5 and 7 billion tons of tailings are generated annually []. Tailings can be described as mixtures of waste materials and process fluids produced during the extraction of minerals and metals from an ore, with their mineralogical composition dependent on the original ore body [].