Billy Joe Franks

Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by degenerative structural changes to cartilage, bones, ligaments, and synovial tissue, resulting in pain, joint stiffness, and deterioration of functional mobility.1 The joints primarily affected by OA are in the hips, knees, hands, feet, and spine.2 Hand OA (HOA), in particular, is highly prevalent after middle age and is expected to create a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide in view of the...

1 Introduction Anomaly detection, i.e., detecting data that deviates from normality, is a fundamental method in machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is significant in many application domains, from detecting fake reviews in online shopping portals and bots in social networks to tumor detection and industrial fault detection. Anomaly detection is especially significant in safety-critical applications.