Bingying Cai

1 Introduction Rapeseed oil is the world's third-largest vegetable oil. It plays a central role in agricultural economics and the food industry, and has a balanced fatty acid profile that is highly nutritious and healthful (Mohamed et al. 2025; Banas et al. 2023).

INTRODUCTION Seed germination represents a critical phase in the plant life cycle, during which the stored lipids undergo complex metabolic transformations to provide energetic source for plant growth and development.1 Typically sequestered as oil bodies within cotyledons or endosperm, the lipid reserves exhibit dynamic synthesis and accumulation in different germination stages, characterized by an overall gradual reduction in oil body content.2 Zhang et al.3 observed that the oil content in...