Bixian Ying

1 Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are adopted as the primary energy storage system in portable electronics and electric vehicles (EVs), supporting the global transition away from internal combustion engines and helping to mitigate CO2 emissions [1-3]. A key factor limiting their performance, however, is the performance and costs of cathode materials [4-9].

1 Introduction Layered oxide cathode materials have emerged as a primary focus of research in the lithium-ion battery (LIB) field, owing to their remarkably high energy density, environmental sustainability, and improved safety and reliability. Among these materials, lithium-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) deliver a specific capacity approaching the theoretical limit through synergistic redox reactions involving transition metals (TM) and lattice oxygen [1-4].