Blanca E. Camacho

1 Introduction Obstructive urolithiasis is the most common urinary tract disease of small ruminants [1]. Treatment is dictated by multiple factors such as urolith type and animal use, but surgery (i.e., tube cystostomy) is often warranted [2]. While nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications are indicated upon resolution of azotemia [1], some animals require multimodal analgesic approaches.

4. Discussion An animal’s health and its welfare are strongly correlated. Animals in states of disease have compromised welfare and frequently experience poor affective states (i.e., pain, suffering, distress) as a byproduct of disease [34]. To improve animal welfare from a health perspective, the control of current and future disease impacts must be prioritized.