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Introduction to metabolic flux analysis Metabolism is universal to all cells and involves thousands of metabolites distributed through interconnected pathways.1-4 This has important consequences for the viability of a cell.

Introduction Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell since they produce most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that serves as the primary energy source to support cellular function. However, the contribution of mitochondrial metabolism to cellular function is not limited to the production of ATP. Mitochondrial metabolism is essential on many fronts including crucial anabolic and catabolic processes that provide diverse molecules and energy sources to support life.

The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic and complex ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in cancer development, progression, and therapeutic response. Composed of a diverse array of cell types — including cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and vascular cells — the tumor microenvironment forms a supportive network that not only nurtures tumor growth but also shapes the metabolic fate of cancer cells (Fig.