Bonassi Signoroni

Abstract Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) human brain models have become indispensable tools to investigate neuroimmune interactions and inflammatory processes in the human central nervous system in vitro. Nevertheless, existing models, including brain organoids and other iPSC-derived systems, are often constrained by lengthy differentiation protocols, considerable cost, and substantial batch-to-batch variability, restricting their applicability in translational neuroimmunology.