Boo Cheong Khoo

1. Introduction Quadruped robots have gained significant attention in recent years due to their adaptability and scalability in various environments, such as those in industrial, military, and disaster relief operations. Unlike wheeled robots, quadruped robots can easily navigate stairs and low obstacles, making them ideal for rugged terrains and densely forested areas, where wheeled robots struggle [1].

1. Introduction Since the inauguration of “Industry 4.0” in Germany, “Made in China 2025”, “Industrial Internet” in America, and “Society 5.0” in Japan, the world has focused on the development of intelligent factories, production, electronic information and logistics, including human–computer interactions, high-end CNC machine tools and robotics, new energy vehicles, biomedicine, etc. These measures continue to strengthen the innovative applications of key digital technologies [1,2].