Bradley Cramer

Abstract The rock record preserves the physical, chemical, and biological history of the Earth including dozens of biogeochemical events that fundamentally altered the Earth system. In order to evaluate the structure and duration of these events and accompanying Earth system changes, both rock sequences and numerical time must be integrated.

Introduction Aquitards, and more generally lower permeability materials, are critical components in many hydrogeologic processes operating at a variety of scales. At the flow system scale, aquitards substantially modify the trajectory of subsurface flow paths, increase groundwater residence times, and can have a strong influence on groundwater geochemistry within a flow system (e.g., Freeze and Witherspoon, 1967; Winter et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2013).

In the late 1800s, Kansas corn and wheat farmers did their grinding my hand. Dutch immigrant and farmer John Schonoff felt there was a better way of doing it. Inspired by his homeland, Schonoff built a traditional windmill on his farm, about 12 miles north of the town of Wamego, Kansas. The tower is 40 feet tall and 25 feet in diameter at its base. Schonoff hand-forged most of the iron parts of the mill mechanisms himself. He also designed and hand-built the wooden parts.