Introduction The prevalence of male hypogonadism is estimated to be between 2% and 13% of the adult male population in the world.1 Incidence rises with age, with up to 40% of men aged ≥45 years diagnosed with hypogonadism through various testosterone assays.2 In middle-aged men, total testosterone is approximated to have a 0.8–1.6% yearly decline.3 Decreased libido, depressed mood, lack of energy, diminished mental concentration, erectile dysfunction, and decreased muscle mass are common...
