Bumsuk Ko

1. Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), affecting more than 1% of the global population over the age of 65 years and 5% of individuals up to 85 years of age [1]. PD is caused by a loss of dopamine production, leading to changes in the central nervous system that impair the neural networks including the basal ganglia and supplementary motor areas [2].

Abstract The Kibble–Zurek mechanism describes the spontaneous formation of topological defects in a system crossing a continuous phase transition1,2. Its central premise is the notion of universality, which states that the characteristic scaling exponent describing the dependence of the defect density on the quench rate is determined by the underlying symmetries of the system.