Bysani Chandrasekar

BNP B-type natriuretic peptide CMR cardiovascular magnetic resonance CO cardiac output DI dyssynchrony index EDV end-diastolic volume EF ejection fraction ESV end-systolic volume MET metabolic equivalent PTP peak-to-peak ROI region-of-interest SV stroke volume TPM tissue phase mapping TTP time-to-peak velocity VO2 oxygen consumption 1 Introduction In Fontan patients, progressive ventricular dysfunction is a recognized complication, but early detection remains challenging.

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Adverse cardiac remodeling contributes to the development and progression of heart failure (HF) driven, in part, by inappropriate sympathetic nervous system activation. While blockade of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) is a common therapeutic strategy in HF, not all patients respond necessitating elucidation of additional therapeutic approaches.