Byung-Wan Lee MD

INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and/or impaired insulin secretion. As of 2019, it affected approximately 463 million people worldwide, with diabetes-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) reaching 66 million1.

1 Introduction Diabetes and its related complications represent one of the leading contributors to illness and death and place a significant financial burden on the health care system [1]. Globally, it is estimated that 529 million individuals, corresponding to approximately 6.1% of the age-standardized population, are affected by diabetes, and its prevalence has nearly doubled over the past two decades [2].

1 Introduction The past decade has witnessed a paradigm shift in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), driven by landmark cardiovascular outcome trials demonstrating that certain glucose lowering drugs (GLDs) confer benefits beyond glycaemic control, including reductions in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1, 2].