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Precision spectroscopy with single ions Spectroscopy is a powerful tool that can identify chemical species used in a wide range of settings. Usually, the samples are formed of ensembles, and this can limit the resolution with which the different species can be detected or identified. Chou et al. demonstrate an optical frequency comb technique with a single pair of trapped ions, Ca+ and CaH+, to obtain the rotational spectrum of a single trapped ion, CaH+.
Gut-associated bacteria produce metabolites that both have a local influence on the intestinal tract and act at a distance on remote organs. In Drosophila, bacteria-derived peptidoglycan (PGN) displays such a dual role. PGN triggers local antimicrobial peptide production by enterocytes; it also activates systemic immune responses in fat-body cells and modulates fly behavior by acting on neurons.
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