Caixi Yu

1 Introduction Immunogenic cell death (ICD) activates the host adaptive immune response by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), enabling the recognition and attack of tumor cells expressing homologous antigens [1, 2]. However, the clinical efficacy of ICD is often severely limited by the immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is jointly constituted by multiple immunosuppressive cell subsets, cytokine networks, and physicochemical barriers [3-6].