Camelia Matei Ghimbeu

1 Introduction Energy consumption worldwide continuously relies on fossil fuels with market shares of more than 80% [1]. This excessive dependency on fossil fuels, accompanied by the ever-increasing industrialization and population growth, resulted in aggravated global warming, a shortfall in energy, and planet pollution. Recognizing these challenges has driven the development of alternative energy sources and energy storage technologies.

1 Introduction Electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are widely identified as high-power energy storage devices with outstanding long-term cycle life. Such characteristics are possible by the reversible electrostatic accumulation of ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface.[1] According to the formula E = 0.5CU2, energy density (E) can be increased by enhancing the capacitance (C) and working voltage (U) of the EDLC.

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