Frequent human activities in nature reserves can drive land-use changes, which have been identified in previous studies as a key factor influencing habitat quality (Fang et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2012). However, research on habitat quality of protected areas in Guizhou Province, including comprehensive assessments of natural geographic factors, socio-economic factors, and other anthropogenic influences, and their interaction effects, remains limited (Bai et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2023).
