1 Introduction Monitoring the global ocean has become increasingly crucial as the physical, chemical, and biological processes are significantly impacted by human activities, such as overfishing, chemical and noise pollution, habitat loss, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, ocean acidification, and sea surface warming (Loeng and Drinkwater, 2007; Doney et al., 2012; Bates et al., 2014; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2022a, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),...