Camrin Braun

1 Introduction The open ocean beyond continental shelves accounts for ∼ $$ \sim $$ 80% of the global biosphere and supports at least 50%, and perhaps as much as > $$ > $$ 90%, of the total marine fish biomass (Irigoien et al. 2014; Proud et al. 2019). Recent evidence suggests the ocean's twilight zone (the mesopelagic: 200–1000 m) alone may contain a fish biomass of 7–10 billion metric tons (Proud et al. 2019).

Abstract Accurate ocean forecasts require sufficient observations to resolve key processes, yet conventional observing systems often miss fine-scale variability in dynamic ocean regions. Top predators frequently target these features, offering an opportunity for instrumented animals to sample underrepresented areas.

1 Introduction Prediction is a central goal of ecological modelling, providing the information we need to face the imminent challenges and uncertainty arising from anthropogenic climate change (Clark et al. 2001; Houlahan et al. 2017; Dietze et al. 2018). Species distribution shifts driven by warming temperatures are one of the most well-documented biological responses to climate change across ecosystems (Davis 1976; Parmesan and Yohe 2003; Thomas 2010; Poloczanska et al.