This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Statement (Page et al., 2021) and registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023474570). We determined the inclusion criteria based on the PICOS principles: (1) Participants, (2) Interventions, (3) Comparisons, (4) Outcomes, (5) Study Design. Studies were eligible if participants were middle-aged (40–65 years) and older adults (over 65 years).
