Cécilia Barouillet

Data availability statement Data are available from the Zenodo Repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15229137 (Barouillet et al. 2025). Supporting Information Filename Description oik70005-sup-0001-AppendixS1.docx3.5 MB Supplementary Material References et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. – J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 66: 4–119. and 2008. Resistance, resilience, and redundancy in microbial communities. – Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105: 11512–11519.

Introduction Food webs provide essential insights into interspecific trophic interactions and biodiversity structure (Pimm and Lawton 1977, Thompson et al. 2012, Trøjelsgaard and Olesen 2016, Pilosof et al. 2017). Trophic interactions are inherently dynamic overtime, especially in temperate ecosystems where environmental seasonality leads to abiotic (temperature, precipitation, light, nutrients) and biotic (growth, reproduction, trophic interactions) fluctuations.

Abstract Human activities drive a wide range of environmental pressures, including habitat change, pollution and climate change, resulting in unprecedented effects on biodiversity1,2. However, despite decades of research, generalizations on the dimensions and extent of human impacts on biodiversity remain ambiguous. Mixed views persist on the trajectory of biodiversity at the local scale3 and even more so on the biotic homogenization of biodiversity across space4,5.