Centro Bahía Lomas

1 INTRODUCTION The global renewable energy transition has accelerated wind power development worldwide, with installed capacity exceeding 1000 GW and annual growth rates of 12–15% (GWEC, 2024; IRENA, 2024). While essential for climate change mitigation, wind energy infrastructure poses threats to avian populations through direct collision mortality, habitat displacement, and barrier effects on migration routes (Drewitt & Langston, 2006; Marques et al., 2014).

Statistical model for estimating survival We estimated apparent annual survival (ϕ) and recapture probabilities (p) at both the community and the species levels by fitting a multispecies Cormack–Jolly–Seber (CJS) model using Bayesian inference (Kéry & Schaub, 2012). Apparent survival (“survival” henceforth) is defined as the probability of a marked individual to survive and be philopatric to the study site between consecutive years.