Chaoying Ma

Abstract Vacuum decay is a pressure-based container closure integrity testing (CCIT) method inherently sensitive to ambient temperature and humidity. Even minor fluctuations in these environmental factors could produce measurable shifts in the differential pressure. Repeat measurements of a solid Master vial over one year showed that the differential pressure had moderate positive correlations with both temperature (ρ = 0.4044) and humidity (ρ = 0.4973).

Introduction. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a group of bacteria that cause severe bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome and are associated with neurological complications and potentially life-threatening infections. Children under five and elderly individuals are particularly vulnerable to STEC infections.

Adjuvants play a vital role in vaccine development. They are critical in tailoring subunit vaccine responses by enhancing immune responses and the duration of the response through a variety of mechanisms. Adjuvants stimulate innate immunity by directly interacting with pattern recognition receptors or inducing cellular stress, leading to the release of immunostimulatory and inflammatory signals.