Che-Wei Lin

1 INTRODUCTION The multifaceted nature of oral health, recognized as a key indicator of overall health and well-being, extends beyond the mere absence of disease (Glick et al., 2016). It encompasses a spectrum of condition and functions, including disease status, physiological capacities such as speaking, smiling, chewing and swallowing, and psychological function that impact an individual's ability to engage in these activities (Glick et al., 2016).

1 Introduction Oxidative damage is implicated in various pathological conditions including tissue degeneration, inflammation, and aging. In the field of tissue engineering, researchers strive to develop innovative strategies to regenerate or repair damaged tissues. This involves the utilization of biomaterials, cells, and biochemical molecules to prevent further damage to the tissues.

1. Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in developed countries [1]. The disease is characterized by a range of manifestations, including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and loss of postural balance, typically resulting from the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia [2].