Chengyin Liu

1 Introduction The importance of Belowground Biomass Carbon (BGBC) for sustaining long-term carbon storage has become increasingly prominent (Jackson et al. 2017). As a key component of forest carbon stocks (Pan et al. 2011), BGBC plays a crucial role in the global carbon balance (Sha et al. 2022). Forest Canopy Structure (FCS) is a fundamental determinant of intra-stand resource distribution and ecological processes (Zhang, Xi, et al. 2024; Zhang, Qi, et al. 2024).

1 Introduction Water distribution systems (WDSs) are essential components of urban infrastructure, delivering water to residents, businesses, and industries (Dave & Layton, 2020). Rapid urbanization and population growth have expanded and complicated modern WDSs (Tchórzewska-Cieślak et al., 2024). Ensuring their efficient, stable, and long-term operation presents significant challenges and requires advanced technologies to guarantee reliable supply, system resilience, and water quality.

: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management Volume 151, Issue 9 Get full access to this article View all available purchase options and get full access to this article. Data Availability Statement Some data, models, and codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.