Chiako Hung

Slightly less than one out of five NPOs surveyed across Belgium, Sweden, and the US indicates that, at times, they hold back criticism toward the government for the purpose of not jeopardizing economic support. Competition for financial resources, output-based public control, and hiring of business-like staff are all positively associated with NPOs refraining from criticizing their funding government. These findings hold across different sectors and different welfare state contexts.

1 Introduction Increasingly, calls for large-N cross-country comparison appear in nonprofit management research (e.g., Anheier 2023; de Morais Holanda et al. 2023; Simsa and Brandsen 2020). A potent way to engage in research contextualization, large-N cross-country comparison essentially enables researchers to consider a phenomenon in relation to the situation in which it exists (Verhoest et al. 2018).

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References , and . 1997. “Formal and Real Authority in Organizations.” Journal of Political Economy 105, no. 1: 1–29. , and . 2003. “Do Government Grants to Private Charities Crowd out Giving or Fund-Raising?” American Economic Review 93, no. 3: 792–812. , and . 2012. “The Influence of Administrative Cost Ratios on State Government Grant Allocations to Nonprofits.” Public Administration Review 72, no. s1: S47–S56. , and . 2011a. “Who Gives?