Marked by Time: How Social Change Has Transformed Crime and the Life Trajectories of Young Americans Robert J. Sampson Harvard Univ. Press (2026) ‘Greed is the iron cage of our times’ — why nationalism is here to stay In Stanley Kubrick’s film adaptation of the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange, gang leader Alex DeLarge is portrayed as an ultraviolent miscreant. Once imprisoned, he is subjected to aversion therapy, which serves only to reinforce the deeply rooted nature of his criminal disposition.