Chu-Chia Kuo

1 Introduction Alpine ecosystems are usually considered priority targets for conservation under climate change due to their unique ecological characteristics and services (Grabherr et al. 2010; Ernakovich et al. 2014). Geographic isolation, tectonic uplift, climatic changes, glaciation, complex microhabitats, and a varied history of migration and evolution have resulted in a disproportionately high level of endemism (Rahbek, Borregaard, Antonelli, et al. 2019; Rahbek, Borregaard, Colwell, et al.