Chunyao Hou

Abstract The Numerical Manifold Method (NMM) introduces two independent cover systems—mathematical and physical—allowing discontinuities associated with crack propagation to be represented in a natural manner. To clarify the instability pattern and crack evolution of stratified rock slopes under top loading, this study implements a quadrilateral NMM framework incorporating the LT criterion, formulated from the Mohr–Coulomb strength theory, together with a damage factor.

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