CIDETEC Basque Research

1 Introduction The search for rechargeable batteries with higher energy density has led to a renaissance of interest in lithium (Li) metal anodes. However, potential safety issues due to Li dendrites growth and low Coulombic efficiency during multiple cycling are delaying the practical implementation of lithium metal batteries (LMB).

1 Introduction Materials able to combine structural and functional capabilities with the ability to modify their shape in response to external stimuli could enable new technologies in a wide range of fields, from health care to energy or transportation.[1] Shape shifting could reduce drag and fuel consumption in vehicles[2] or can be used to accomplish tasks in hard to reach places for applications such as actuators,[3] medical devices,[4] and self-deployable structures for spacecrafts.[5]...

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been extensively applied in a wide spectrum of energy storage applications ranging from personal portable electronic devices to satellites due its maturity among the different battery technologies available in the market. 1–4 Despite the immense success and continuous development of the electric vehicles (EVs), there are still some technical challenges that need to be addressed to compete with internal combustion engine vehicles.