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The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) has been widely used in human facial behaviour research since Ekman and colleagues introduced it as a training manual (Ekman & Friesen, 1978; Ekman, Friesen & Hager, 2002a; Ekman, Friesen & Hager, 2002b). FACS is a standardised observational coding scheme designed to classify and describe human facial movements by linking them to their corresponding underlying musculature.
This study provides the first systematic and anatomically based description of equid facial behaviours produced by horses in social contexts. In our ethogram, we describe a wide range of facial behaviours made by domestic horses during 22 behaviours related to affiliative interactions, agonistic interactions, attentional interactions/states, and during play. For these broader interaction contexts, we also identified facial movements typical of each.
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