Claudio Sbaraglia

1 Introduction Beetles inhabit many ecological niches, making them a key group in biodiversity and ecological complexity (McKenna et al. 2019). In forests, they play key roles in ecological services such as nutrient cycling and decomposition (Nichols et al. 2008; Ulyshen and Šobotník 2018). Their vast biodiversity poses a challenge in sampling, and a large portion of the species present in surveyed areas remain undetected.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflict of interests. Supporting Information Filename Description een13428-sup-0001-Figures.docxWord 2007 document , 325.1 KB Figure S1. Effects of predictors on species number and abundance from the generalised linear mixed effect models (GLMM) and species diversity (rare, common, dominant species) from the linear mixed effect models (LMM). Dashed lines on the vertical axis separate tree species, treatments and environmental variables (EV).

1 INTRODUCTION Population genetic differentiation is affected by species' range sizes, life history traits and varies across geographical regions (Dapporto et al., 2019; Gamba & Muchhala, 2020; Miller et al., 2021). In temperate regions, the distribution of different genetic lineages, that is, the groups of sequences with shared history, has been massively influenced by Quaternary climate change (Hewitt, 2000, 2004; Hofreiter & Stewart, 2009; Schmitt, 2007).