Clovis Mariano Faggion

Study Design and Setting We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS on May 10, 2021, and updated the searching on March 19, 2025, for RoRSs examining spin in any types of primary studies (e.g. randomized controlled trials [RCTs], non-RCTs, systematic reviews [SRs], and observational studies) in any field of medicine. Meta-analyses were used to evaluate the prevalence of spin in titles, abstracts, and main texts and to analyze related factors for spin. Results A total of 133 RoRSs were included.

Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany Copyright: © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

1 Introduction Dental restorations are produced to replace lost tooth tissue that appears from carious or non-carious lesions (Chadwick et al. 2001), such as tooth wear (Muts et al. 2014; Ahmed and Murbay 2016; Mesko et al. 2016; Hardan et al. 2022), developmental disorders (Strauch and Hahnel 2018), and cusp fracture (Chadwick et al. 2001; Angeletaki et al. 2016; da Veiga et al. 2016). There are two types of restoration to replace missing tooth structure: direct and indirect restoration (Downer et al.