Complutense Univ

Introduction Contemporary defaunation has profound ecological consequences ranging from local or even global co‐extinctions of interacting species to the loss of ecosystem functions and services critical for humanity (Dirzo et al. 2014, Young et al. 2016, Emer et al. 2019). Carbon sequestration, pollination and seed dispersal stand out among the essential ecosystems services threatened by the current wave of defaunation (Potts et al. 2010, Galetti et al. 2013, Bello et al. 2015).