Cornelio Morales-Morales

1. Introduction The management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a major challenge, due to its high generation rate. In 2020, the total amount generated worldwide was estimated at 2.24 billion tons. This is attributed to rapid population growth and the ongoing advancement of urbanization. Projections for the year 2050 indicate a 73% increase compared to the figures reported in 2020, reaching an estimated total of 3.88 billion tons [].

1. Introduction In recent years, industrialization and urbanization have grown considerably, generating large amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) and making it necessary to improve sorting tasks. For example, in 2020, approximately 2010 million tons were generated; the World Bank forecasts that by 2030, this will increase to 2590 million tons and 3400 million tons by 2050. Of these, approximately 40% are deposited in landfills, 19% are recycled, and 11% are treated through incineration [,,].

1. Introduction Human activities worldwide depend on various energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as renewable sources, such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. However, as the population increases, energy demand grows, which has led to an energy crisis that has impacted the environment, the economy, and society [1], in turn affecting households, industries, and entire economies as prices keep increasing.