Daniel Gallardo Albarrán

Demographic effects of colonialism: Forced labour and mortality in nineteenth-century Java The Cultivation System implemented by the Dutch in Indonesia forced Javanese peasants to devote a substantial share of their land and labour to the production of various cash crops in exchange for a small payment. This column examines how the regime affected the health of the population in 19th-century Java.

The proximate determinants of economic development since 1913: A historical study Modern economic growth has improved the lives of millions in an unprecedented way, but its unequal progression across the globe has resulted in high income inequality. Most of the cross-country differences in income levels are typically attributed to differences in productivity rather than to physical or human capital accumulation.