Daniel Teeter

Abstract In this paper we use newly digitized complete-count micro data from the 1901, 1911 and 1921 Canadian population censuses to document foreign born assimilation into Canadian labor markets during the early twentieth century. We find that the average immigrant faced a large earnings penalty relative to their native born peers when they first entered Canadian labor markets, and this penalty was very persistent—lasting for more than 30 years.

INTRODUCTION Canada’s national market is less integrated than those of many peer countries. Goods, services and workers often face greater obstacles moving between provinces than they would crossing the equivalent state lines in the United States or international borders in the European Union.

A building of three spires, two steeples, a belfry, and a load of misconceptions: such is the Wadsworth Chapel. Once, it was the spiritual center of a home for Civil War era soldiers. Now, it strains to remain standing, in desperate need of repair from too many injuries sustained in the battle of time. First, let’s separate the truth from the myth.