Daniela Gombarska

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1. Introduction The non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of materials using diverse physical methods is a cornerstone of quality assurance in modern industry, ensuring the safety and reliability of products both during production and in service. Material structures often contain surface or internal defects or undesirable variations in shape and microstructure, which can significantly impact a product’s service life or even compromise the integrity of entire systems.

Open AccessArticle by *, and Department of Electromagnetic and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.