Danxun Li

Abstract Understanding the seasonal lake dynamics is critical for water resource management and climate adaptation, yet intra-annual variability of Tibetan Plateau (TP) lakes remains poorly characterized. Here we present a monthly lake-surface area dataset covering 23,623 lakes (2000-2021), and propose a two-tiered classification framework identifying six distinct seasonal patterns.

1 Introduction In recent years, flood disasters have become one of the most perilous natural hazards, inflicting substantial economic and human losses (Jonkman & Vrijling, 2008). Notable examples include the severe flooding triggered by extreme rainfall across Western Europe from 12 to 15 July 2021 (Tradowsky et al., 2023) and the catastrophic flooding resulting from the St. Francis Dam break (Begnudelli & Sanders, 2007), both of which caused extensive damage. Bentivoglio et al.