Skip to main content We thank Juan Pablo Atal, Farasat Bokhari, Daniel Dench, Leemore Dafny, Atul Gupta, Kai-Uwe Kuhn, Yossi Spiegel, and Becky Staiger for helpful comments. We also thank seminar participants at the UGA Health Brownbag, IIOC, ASHEcon, SUNY Binghamton, University of Pennsylvania, ASSA Annnual Meetings, AHEC, the Centre for Competition Policy Annual Conference, and the Highlands Health Economics Symposium.