David Stepp
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Articles by David Stepp
Myofiber stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 moderates MAFLD and metabolic syndrome in obese mice
Abstract Introduction: Obesity-induced ectopic lipid accumulation inside skeletal muscle (SKM) (myosteatosis) and the liver (hepatosteatosis) contributes to local metabolic dysfunction and serves as a launchpad for the progression of diabetes.
Endothelial Drp1 integrates VEGF-induced redox signaling with glycolysis through cysteine oxidation to drive angiogenesis
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Abstract Angiogenesis is essential for development and tissue repair after ischemia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules that promote angiogenesis in endothelial cells (ECs) which mainly rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy production. However, how redox signaling couples to endothelial metabolism remains unclear. Here, we identify endothelial Drp1 as a redox sensor that links VEGF-induced H₂O₂ signaling to metabolic reprogramming and angiogenesis.
By Sheela Nagarkoti, Young-Mee Kim, Archita Das, Dipankar Ash, Eric A. Vitriol, Tracy-Ann Read, Varadarajan Sudhahar, Selim Hossain, Shikha Yadav, Kelvin Orji, Maritza Romero, Rudolf Lucas, David Stepp, Ruth B. Caldwell, David Fulton, Masuko Ushio-Fukai, Stephanie Kelley Spears, Eric J. Belin de Chantemele, Tohru Fukai
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Nature
Verified
Answering The Top Seven Questions About Pending Section 301 Deadlines
In March 2026, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) launched two parallel Section 301 investigations: one targeting manufacturing overcapacity across 16 countries (including China, the EU, Japan, India, Mexico, Vietnam, and other major manufactures), and one targeting forced labor enforcement failures across 60 countries.
EPA And CBP Intensify Import Enforcement On Pesticides, Toxic Chemicals, And Polluting Products: EPA Reports Unprecedented Enforcement Results—Key Insights For Importers, Distributors, And Retailers
Crowell & Moring LLP are most popular: within Coronavirus (COVID-19) topic(s) Key takeaway #1 EPA's self-announced "Crackdown" on illegal pesticide and chemical imports is active, well-resourced, and operating at ports of entry right now. Key takeaway #2 The regulated product universe is wider than most importers assume; for instance, UV devices, air purifiers, and common consumer goods all qualify as pesticide devices subject to FIFRA and are all under EPA's new increased enforcement scrutiny.
Modifications To Reciprocal Tariffs
Modifications to Scope On Friday, September 5th, 2025, President Trump announced via Executive Order a large number of modifications to the scope of the reciprocal tariffs, which were initially announced on April 2, 2025, under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). The Executive Order released on September 5thmodified the scope of the tariffs by amending Annex II to cover additional products under exclusion, as well as remove some products from exclusion.
Register Now! Webinar on Supply Chain Mapping in the Era of National Security
Register now to join Crowell & Moring for a webinar on how national security has emerged as a central driver of global trade policy, reshaping how governments scrutinize supply chains and enforce trade compliance. Whether you are responding to government inquiries, structuring resilient supply chains, identifying tariff mitigation avenues or preparing for increased enforcement, this session will equip you with the tools and knowledge to stay ahead.
EU Adopts The Largest Ever Trade Countermeasures Against The U.S. To Apply If EU-U.S. Trade Negotiations Fail
CM Crowell & Moring LLP More Our founders aspired to create a different kind of law firm when they launched Crowell & Moring in 1979. From those bold beginnings, our mission has been to provide our clients with the best services of any law firm in the world through a spirit of trust, respect, cooperation, collaboration, and a commitment to giving back to the communities around us.
CBP Issues First Comprehensive Guide To Modifying A Withhold Release Order (WRO)
CM Crowell & Moring LLP More Our founders aspired to create a different kind of law firm when they launched Crowell & Moring in 1979. From those bold beginnings, our mission has been to provide our clients with the best services of any law firm in the world through a spirit of trust, respect, cooperation, collaboration, and a commitment to giving back to the communities around us.
Register Now! Trump Administration and Trade: Two-Part Webinar Set
Register here to join us for one or both of these timely sessions.
Protectionist Trade Policies In The New Administration: A Question Of Degree
Regardless of what happens in the U.S. elections on November 5, one theme is clear – protectionist policies in international trade are here to stay. To some extent, the key difference between the trade policies of a Harris administration and a second Trump Administration may be one of degree. Vice President Harris is expected to continue the more cautious, incremental approach to trade policy favored by the Biden Administration.
2024 UFLPA Strategy Update: Forced Labor In The XUAR Remains Top Concern For U.S. Government
CM Crowell & Moring LLP More Our founders aspired to create a different kind of law firm when they launched Crowell & Moring in 1979. From those bold beginnings, our mission has been to provide our clients with the best services of any law firm in the world through a spirit of trust, respect, cooperation, collaboration, and a commitment to giving back to the communities around us.
Global Trade Talks: Forced Labor - Mitigating Risk In Auto Industry And Other Sectors (Podcast)
Global Trade Talks is a podcast that shares brief perspectives on key global issues on international trade, current events, business, law, and public policy as they impact our lives. In this session, hosts and International Trade Practice Leaders Nicole Simonian and Dj Wolff talk with Crowell lawyers David Stepp and Simeon Yerokun about Uyghur Forced Labor law and its recent application to the auto industry. The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter.
Navigating Compliance: Preparing For The EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive
CM Crowell & Moring LLP More Our founders aspired to create a different kind of law firm when they launched Crowell & Moring in 1979. From those bold beginnings, our mission has been to provide our clients with the best services of any law firm in the world through a spirit of trust, respect, cooperation, collaboration, and a commitment to giving back to the communities around us.
The EU Forced Labor Regulation – A Legal Breakdown - Human Rights - United States
What You Need to Know Key takeaway #1 The EU opted for a risk-based approach to investigations of products made with forced labor. The European Commission will be highly involved in the forced labor investigations as the natural "lead competent authority." Key takeaway #3 Economic operators must be able to prove they performed due diligence with regard to high-risk products and products being investigated by the relevant authorities.
Continued Pain in the Retail Sector: Coming Enforcement of Forced Labor Laws
After a pause in 2022, there has been much talk of the continuation, or resumption, of a wave of retail bankruptcy cases as we begin 2023. 2022 was highlighted by Revlon's filing (discussed here: Revlon May Signal Another Wave of Retail Bankruptcies | Retail & Consumer Products Law Observer (retailconsumerproductslaw.com)).
Continued Pain in the Retail Sector: Coming Enforcement of Forced Labor Laws
After a pause in 2022, there has been much talk of the continuation, or resumption, of a wave of retail bankruptcy cases as we begin 2023. 2022 was highlighted by Revlon’s filing (discussed here: Revlon May Signal Another Wave of Retail Bankruptcies | Retail & Consumer Products Law Observer (retailconsumerproductslaw.com)). Revlon pointed to a number of issues that led to its filing, including most prominently, supply chain issues.
Continued Pain in the Retail Sector: Coming Enforcement of Forced Labor Laws
After a pause in 2022, there has been much talk of the continuation, or resumption, of a wave of retail bankruptcy cases as we begin 2023. 2022 was highlighted by Revlon’s filing (discussed here: Revlon May Signal Another Wave of Retail Bankruptcies | Retail & Consumer Products Law Observer (retailconsumerproductslaw.com)). Revlon pointed to a number of issues that led to its filing, including most prominently, supply chain issues.
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Department of Homeland Security Releases the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA) Strategy Report
On June 17, 2022, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) – which serves as the chair of the Forced Labor Enforcement Task Force (FLETF) – released the Strategy to Prevent the Importation of Goods Mined, Produced, or Manufactured with Forced Labor in the People’s Republic of China (UFLPA Strategy) Report.
CBP Issues Minimal UFLPA Guidance: What We Know Based on WRO Detentions of Goods Alleged to be Made from Forced Labor in the XUAR Region.
With just over two weeks until the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA) goes into effect on June 21, 2022, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has issued very minimal guidance to the importing community on how it will enforce the legislation. In webinars and meetings conducted by CBP last week, CBP stated that it will nonetheless begin enforcement of the UFLPA on the effective date and importers should prepare for the law’s implementation.
CBP Announces Issuance of "Known Importer Letters" to Previous Importers of Goods Subject to Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has announced that it will be issuing known importer letters to importers the agency has identified as having previously imported merchandise that may be subject to the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA). CBP aims to issue these letters in advance of June 21, 2022 – which is when the UFLPA’s rebuttal presumption goes into effect – in order to encourage notified importers to address any forced labor issues in their supply chains in a timely manner.
European Commission Issues a Proposal for a Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence
On February 23, 2022, the European Commission adopted a new proposal for a directive on corporate sustainability due diligence. The proposed directive specifically focuses on corporate responsibility in global supply chains with regards to human rights – such as child and forced labor – and the environment. This proposed directive comes nearly a year after the European Parliament in March 2021 called on the Commission to submit a legislative proposal on value chain due diligence.
U.S. Senators Introduce the Slave-Free Business Certification Act
On February 3, 2021, U.S. Senators Josh Hawley (R-MO) and Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) introduced the Slave-Free Business Certification Act of 2022. The bipartisan bill would require companies that have an annual, worldwide receipts that exceeds $500 million and that are involved in the mining, production, or manufacture of goods for sale to conduct an audit of their supply chains – specifically to investigate for the presence or use of forced labor – once a year.
Companies Sourcing China Goods Need Forced Labor Reviews
All companies sourcing goods from China, both directly and indirectly, must take note of recent legislation targeting goods made with forced labor from China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). On Dec. 23, 2021, President Biden signed into law the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act, which bans imports from Xinjiang and imposes sanctions on foreign individuals responsible for forced labor in the region.
Fixing the Gray Areas in a Green Supply Chain
Companies are setting goals for improving supply chain environmental performance, but are experiencing real challenges in making those goals a reality, a new survey finds. “ESG Survey: Environmental Performance and the Stakes for Your Business,” by international law firm Crowell & Moring, surveyed 225 corporate decision-makers in sustainability and found that nearly 6 in 10 are setting goals for improving supply chain environmental performance.
House passes bill barring imports of goods produced in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China
On December 8, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill called the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (with a 428-1 vote) that bans the importation of goods produced using forced labor by Uyghers and other minority Muslim populations in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. A similar measure has already passed in the Senate.
Using Tech Can Accelerate International Trade Compliance
Companies shipping goods globally face increasing challenges ensuring customs and trade compliance while streamlining supply chains. Free trade agreements (FTAs), anti-forced labor initiatives, unfair trade actions, and export restrictions have significantly increased requirements for certifications and documentation throughout supply chains. Concurrently, authorities are escalating enforcement which increases the burden of providing documentation.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Announces Expiration of its Export Allocation Rule on Medical Supplies and Equipment for Covid-19
On July 1, 2021, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) announced the expiration of its Temporary Final Rule (TFR) allocating certain health and medical resources for domestic use.
CBP Issues Withhold Release Order (WRO) on Certain Silica-Based Products from in Xinjiang, PRC
On June 24, 2021, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) issued a Withhold Release Order (WRO) against Hoshine Silicon Industry Co. Ltd. – a silica manufacturing company located in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) – and its subsidiaries on the basis of forced labor in the entity’s manufacturing practices.
CBP Publishes FAQ Responses to Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region WRO
In light of increased U.S. actions and rising global concerns over reports of forced labor in Xinjiang, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has issued the following Q&A responses: General Proof of Admissibility Due Diligence/Best Practices Miscellaneous For more information on actions addressing human rights and forced labor abuses, contact our team and see previous posts below.
Looking Ahead: Enforcement of the USMCA Labor Provisions
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) came into force on July 1, 2020. Included in the USMCA are stronger labor provisions Congressional Democrats demanded, with the support of the Trump Administration, that were approved on a bipartisan basis during consideration of the USMCA implementing legislation in late 2019. The stronger labor provisions helped secure the support of key labor groups for the USMCA.
China Customs Targets Key Industries in Latest Transfer Pricing Enforcement Initiative
Transfer pricing is a major enforcement priority of China Customs in 2020. In April 2020, China Customs launched a national enforcement action to investigate and audit import transactions between related companies. More than 1000 multinational companies have received notices from China Customs requesting information on their transfer pricing policies and activities. Who will be impacted?
June 10 Webinar: United States - Mexico - Canada Agreement (USMCA)
Wednesday, June 10, 2020 12:30 – 2:00 pm EDT REGISTER The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) – A Substantial Rewrite of NAFTA or More of the Same? The USMCA will go into effect on July 1, 2020, and companies should immediately assess how their NAFTA compliance programs must be revised to ensure continued trade compliance.
The White House Establishes “Forced Labor Enforcement Task Force” Under Section 741 of USMCA Implementation Act
On May 15, 2020, President Trump issued an executive order establishing the “Forced Labor Enforcement Task Force” required by the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) implementing bill. Section 741 of the USMCA Implementation Act requires the Department of Homeland Security the Task Force as the central hub for the U.S. government’s enforcement of the prohibition on imports made through forced labor.
USMCA (NEW NAFTA) TO TAKE EFFECT JULY 1, 2020
The Office of the United States Trade Representative has notified the United States Congress that the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) will enter into force on July 1, 2020. Following the notification to Congress, the United States became the third country to certify to the Parties (Mexico and Canada) that it had completed its domestic procedures to implement the agreement, which is the final step needed for the USMCA to enter into force.
Multinational Companies May Benefit From Chinese Stimulus Programs To Help Mitigate the Economic Impact in China of COVID-19
The central government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as well as provincial and city level governments across the country have announced numerous incentives and supporting measures to assist companies, including wholly foreign owned enterprises (commonly referred to as WFOEs) and Sino-foreign joint ventures, in resuming production and operations that were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak.
New Rules Combating Trafficking in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods Impact E-Commerce
On January 31, 2020, the Trump administration issued an executive order cracking down on U.S. businesses that import directly or facilitate the import of counterfeit or pirated goods, illegal narcotics and other contraband.
New Rules Combating Trafficking in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods Impact E-Commerce
On January 31, 2020, the Trump administration issued an executive order cracking down on U.S. businesses that import directly or facilitate the import of counterfeit or pirated goods, illegal narcotics and other contraband.
New Rules Combating Trafficking in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods Impact E-Commerce
On January 31, 2020, the Trump administration issued an executive order cracking down on U.S. businesses that import directly or facilitate the import of counterfeit or pirated goods, illegal narcotics and other contraband.
Getting Products to China: Avoiding Tariff Classification Traps in Uncertain Times
Chinese law requires companies to accurately classify and declare goods imported into or exported out of China under its version of the Harmonized System (HS). Importers and exporters who fail to properly classify products may be e subject to criminal or civil penalties.
Crowell & Moring Releases Litigation Forecast 2020 — Importing is a Risky Business | LexBlog
Crowell & Moring has released Litigation Forecast 2020: What Corporate Counsel Need to Know for the Coming Year. The eighth-annual Forecast provides forward-looking insights from leading Crowell & Moring lawyers to help legal departments anticipate and respond to challenges that might arise in the year ahead.
China: Using Customs to Protect Your Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Our retail multinational clients often ask if there is an effective way of protecting intellectual property rights (“IPR”) in China. While traditional enforcement remedies in China have been ineffective in the past, customs border protection schemes in recent years have provided a cost effective tool to protect the IPR of brand owners in the retail industry.
China Customs and Intellectual Property Rights Protection
Our retail multinational clients often ask if there is an effective way of protecting intellectual property rights (“IPR”) in China. While traditional enforcement remedies in China have been ineffective in the past, customs border protection schemes in recent years have provided a cost effective tool to protect the IPR of brand owners in the retail industry.
China Customs Initiates the “Longteng Action” Against IPR Infringing Exports (IRB No. 567)
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Change is Coming: China Proposes New Export Control Law (IRB No. 563)
Export control appears to be an overlooked area in China for years. Up until now in China, more focus was placed on the import side of international trade, which provides around one-third of the total revenue for the Chinese government.
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