David T Hall

Introduction Evolutionary radiation, and adaptive radiation in particular, plays a significant role in macroevolution, and as such, serves as a valuable resource for studying the process of evolution. Adaptive radiations typically exhibit several distinct attributes, including rapid speciation from a common ancestor and a phenotype–environment correlation resulting from divergent natural selection in distinct ecological niches (Schluter, 2000; Gavrilets & Losos, 2009; Losos, 2010).

1 INTRODUCTION Over the past two decades, research has increasingly documented a new variety of British English—what has been termed ‘Multicultural London English’ (MLE) (Cheshire et al., 2008, 2011). Although this variety was first studied in East London, more recent work has identified similarities between MLE and varieties spoken in other urban areas of England, including the cities of Manchester and Birmingham.

Statistical analysis We used dynamic occupancy models to estimate changes in the presence of taxa relative to site type (eradication, control), before (2016) and after (2020−2021) eradication efforts (MacKenzie et al., 2017). We represented taxa with a single categorical term that included the three amphibian species and two pathogens; this coding shares information and allows joint estimation from a single model (MacKenzie et al., 2017).