Plastics and their products are indispensable in human production and life, but waste plastics have also become the main environmental pollutants. The total global plastics production had been reached 430 million tons in 2023 and was expected to increase to 33 billion tons by 2050 [1]. According to the statistics of United Nations Environment Programme, two-thirds of plastic products have a very short service life, and are often discarded into the environment after use.
