Dedy Dwi Prastyo

1. Introduction Over the years, Indonesian economic conditions have experienced various uncertain turmoils, which are associated with the monetary crisis in Indonesia in 1997–1998. Others include the financial crisis of America in 2008–2009, which was triggered by the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers [1,2], the economic slowdown of America and China in 2015–2016 [3], the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020 [4], and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 [5].