Deshuo Zhang

1 Introduction To date, Africa continues to face significant challenges in ensuring food security. In sub-Saharan Africa, one in five people experiences hunger, a rate that is more than twice the global average (FAO et al. 2023). Simultaneously, the continent's population is growing rapidly and is projected to double by 2050, marking a 99% increase (Bin Rahman and Zhang 2023; Balcilar et al. 2025).

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