Deyang Yin

1. Introduction Clouds are a common and important natural phenomenon consisting of water droplets, ice crystals, or a mixture of both, forming various shapes that float in the sky, covering more than 60% of the total land area on Earth [1]. Clouds play an important role in maintaining the atmospheric radiation budget balance by suppressing both shortwave and longwave solar radiation.

1. Introduction In recent years, in the context of the increasing energy crisis and environmental challenges, the automotive industry has focused intently on achieving low pollution and high efficiency. Lithium-ion batteries, known for their compact size, low weight, high energy density, substantial output power, and exceptional safety, have emerged as the preferred option for energy storage in electric vehicles [1,2,3].

1. Introduction With non-renewable energy sources almost on the verge of depletion, it is essential to derive energy from renewable sources for the benefit of humankind. Due to the advantages of having low carbon emissions, being environmental friendly, being rich in resources, and having strong adaptability to local conditions, distributed photovoltaics (DPV) is increasingly contributing to promoting the energy transformation and sustainable economic development [1,2].